Theories C The Characteristics of Modern Science Schlegel cautioned that theories can determine how we interpret observations. Self-correction The principle of parsimony The scientific mentality A The Characteristics of Modern Science Kacie designed an experiment to disprove the hypothesis that people are more likely to help others when they are in a good mood. Sir Carl Popper d. Description b.
Prediction c. Explanation d. The Objectives of Psychological Science Which research objective requires that we use an experimental research design and control for factors that might also influence this behavior?
Studies like these are most concerned with the objective of a. This experiment lacks antecedent conditions. F The Tools of Psychological Science When we have procedures for manipulating the setting and the predicted outcomes are observable, our predictions are accurate.
A The Tools of Psychological Science Einstein predicted that gravity could bend light to create the appearance of two stars when there was only one. Aerobic exercise is associated with fewer depressive symptoms.
Produce grown using pesticides causes allergic reactions. Students who study using laptop computers earn higher grades. A Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science Amanda asked 20 subjects to use a new elliptical exercise machine for 45 minutes. A Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science Josh asked male and female undergraduates to complete a self- esteem survey. C Scientific Explanation in Psychological Science In experiments, researchers most often achieve control over possible explanations by a.
How does it differ from scientific psychology? Why are conclusions based on scientific psychology more reliable than those derived from common sense? Suppose that a trained psychologist and a casual observer both watch children playing in a playground.
Describe at least three reasons why the observations made by the psychologist could be a better source of scientific data than the observations made by the casual observer. List and describe two of these biases. Why are humans prone to this sort of bias and what do scientists do to avoid them? Explain how stereotypes can affect the observations made by a commonsense psychologist. Give an example. Why is it that the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle is said to mark the beginning of modern science?
Are there issues that he addressed that are still being investigated my modern psychologists? Explain the different roles of laws and theories in science. Be sure to point out how the two are different from each other, and why they are necessary.
Explain both what good thinking involves and what it avoids. Describe the principle of parsimony. What is the other name for this principle? Why is the principle of parsimony important to science? Explain the process of falsification. What is the alternative to falsification? Why is falsification preferred over its alternative? What is replication and why is it important in science?
What would you conclude if a replication failed? What are the three basic tools of the scientific method? Describe the important details of each. Describe the two minimum requirements for a prediction to be testable.
Why is control such an important part of psychological experimentation? What, specifically, is controlled in an experiment? Good psychological experimentation can allow you to establish a cause and effect relationship. Explain why this is so. What sort of mistake could a researcher make that would prevent identification of cause and effect?
When identifying cause and effect relationships, psychologists often distinguish between necessary and sufficient conditions. Explain what each of these is. Give examples of necessary and sufficient conditions for a student to do well on this test. Describe three mistakes a person might make when testing a hypothesis using casual observations and nonscientific inference.
Chapter 3 Alternatives to Experimentation: Nonexperimental Designs Chapter Overview Psychologists often prefer the experimental method since it allows us to determine causal relationships between antecedent conditions and subsequent behavior.
Ask your students to work through it, and then quiz them with the following questions: What is reactivity? How does it affect your research? Describe ways to reduce or eliminate reactivity. What are the benefits of using naturalistic observation? The above workshop also deals with validity, and should prepare students to answer the following: Describe both internal and external validity.
What is construct validity? How do you know if an experiment has a confound? Which type of validity is most affected by confounds? How can treatment order be a confound? What are demand characteristics? Describe the Hawthorne Effect. Rate 1: Pleasant Unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 Strain Relaxation 1 2 3 4 5 Excitement Calm 1 2 3 4 5 Rate 2: Pleasant Unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 Strain Relaxation 1 2 3 4 5 Excitement Calm 1 2 3 4 5 Rate 3: Pleasant Unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 Strain Relaxation 1 2 3 4 5 Excitement Calm 1 2 3 4 5 Case Study The text points out that case studies which rely upon retrospective data are especially problematic due to the biases and inaccuracies of memory.
Field Studies Students need to be able to discriminate field observation from anecdotal evidence. You could use this approach to describe your delight when playing with an affectionate puppy.
This category includes naturalistic observation and unobtrusive measures, and survey tools such as questionnaires and interviews. What is meant by external validity? Why are nonexperimental studies often higher in external validity than true experiments? External validity is the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and people.
True experiments conducted in a laboratory may be artificial and unrealistic because of experimental controls over extraneous variables. Nonexperimental studies are more frequently conducted in real-world settings with a more diverse sample of participants than true experiments. What is meant by internal validity? Why are nonexperimental studies often lower in internal validity?
Internal validity is the degree to which a researcher is able to demonstrate a causal relationship between antecedent conditions and subsequent observed behavior. Nonexperimental studies are often lower in internal validity than true experiments because researchers do not create the antecedent conditions or randomly assign subjects to these conditions.
These limitations prevent researchers from concluding that the antecedent conditions, and not uncontrolled variables, are responsible for group differences in behavior. What are retrospective data? Why is the use of retrospective data considered a shortcoming in scientific research? Four problems threaten the accuracy of retrospective reports.
Subjects often cannot accurately recall all the events that occurred on a specific occasion. Finally, current situational cues may bias the information reported. Why are unobtrusive measures preferred? Researchers prefer them because they avoid the problem of reactivity by measuring the consequences of behavior, like beach littering in the Bechtol and Williams study, after the behavior has already been performed.
Devise an unobtrusive measure to establish each of the following: a Which professor at the university is the most popular. You could compare professors on how often students enroll in more than one of their classes, how quickly their courses close, and their student drop-out rates. For each of the research topics listed here, indicate the type of nonexperimental approach that would be most useful and explain why.
For each of your answers to question 7, explain whether an experiment would generate more useful information than the nonexperimental method you selected. Would it be possible to set up experiments to explore all these problems? If not, why not? What is the current paradigm in psychological science?
What is meant by a paradigm shift? The accepted paradigm in psychological science is reliance on hypothesis testing, experimentation, and quantitative data analysis. Design a qualitative study to explore sibling rivalry. Use a method from empirical phenomenology as your data-gathering technique. We could use naturalistic observation to measure the frequency, intensity, and duration of competitive behavior by siblings.
Laboratory experiments Participant-observer studies F Phenomenology Data used in the phenomenological approach come from large samples of subjects. A Case Studies Which of these is an example of retrospective data? A Field Studies Your baby sister turns cartwheel after cartwheel until you try to capture her play on your iPhone. This illustrates the problem of demand characteristics. A Field Studies A social psychologist who observes aggressive behavior between siblings through a one-way mirror is using content analysis.
A Field Studies A researcher measured the popularity of museum displays by measuring the comparative wear on floor tiles. This strategy illustrates the use of ex post facto studies. C Field Studies Which is a standard feature of participant-observer studies? Which research method did she use? A Archival Study Sarah analyzed data from a national cancer registry to pinpoint likely sites where groundwater has been contaminated by carcinogens. Her re- examination of existing records illustrates which nonexperimental design?
His re-examination of these data illustrates which nonexperimental design? Archival b. Qualitative d. Quantitative C Qualitative Research Which is a set of attitudes, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular discipline at a specific point in time? Name two nonexperimental designs and explain the degree to which they each possess the two types of validity described in this chapter.
Name and define the two types of validity described in chapter 3. Explain how they relate to each other. Why might you choose a nonexperimental design over an experiment? When would an experiment be a better choice than a nonexperimental design? Research designs can be described along two dimensions: degree of manipulation of antecedents and degree of imposition of units. Describe each of these dimensions and give an example of each.
Describe phenomenology and give two reasons why it is not often used for scientific investigations today. State four of the five reasons your text gives for using case studies. Some case studies rely upon retrospective data. Describe what retrospective data collection is and list two drawbacks to using it.
What is reactivity? Does reactivity influence internal validity? Explain your answer. State two ways a researcher can minimize reactivity. What is an unobtrusive measure? Give an example of an unobtrusive measure of how much students use the library. What is special about an archival study?
Give an example of a research question a psychologist might be able to answer using archival data. Give an example of a question that would not lend itself to an archival study.
Justify your answer. How is qualitative research different from quantitative research? How do the data collected in qualitative studies differ from those collected in quantitative studies? How does phenomenology rank in terms of internal validity? What possible sources of bias exist in qualitative research?
Are these biases a problem in quantitative research too? Our direct and instant download ensures immediate access to the product as soon as the payment is complete. We use PayPal as our payment gateway for both direct card payments and express checkouts. PayPal, as you know is the most secure and trusted payment gateway online. Further, you are covered by the PayPal Buyer Protection when you purchase from us.
We provide direct support from real human executives 24X7 to ensure you have someone to speak with if there are any questions or issues. This is a mark of our genuine service and we like to ensure you are absolutely comfortable using our service. Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Edition Test Bank. Remember me Log in. Lost your password? Overview What is this product?
Who can use this? What should I check to ensure this is what I need? She proposes a study in which a sign is posted in some bathrooms explaining the pollution problem, but is not posted in other bathrooms. She proposes an experiment in which participants rate the attractiveness of various models. Unbeknownst to the participants, a confederate will be loitering in the hallway outside the experiment room.
Lucy will then compare the model ratings from complimented and insulted participants. Chapter 2 Handout Identifying Ethics Violations Identify as many ethical violations as you can in the following scenario. Explain each of the violations you find.
His study investigates the amount of discomfort people are willing to put up with in order to earn a large sum of money. He then makes the participants eat disgusting food combinations, rub permanent markers on their own faces, and mail insulting messages to their professors. Explain why IRBs are necessary and what their major functions are. An IRB evaluates proposed human research studies before they are conducted.
The main responsibility of an IRB is to protect subject safety. An IRB also safeguards the rights of subjects in at risk studies by ensuring that researchers obtain informed consent. What is informed consent? Informed consent means that a subject agrees to participate following a complete explanation of the nature and purpose of a study. It is required for all human research studies. Consent forms must be written in lay language at a reading level subjects can understand.
Researchers should verbally explain information that is important for subjects. Subjects who agree to participate in a study should sign the consent form and then receive a copy for their records. The following aspects of informed consent are important in psychological research: 1. Informed consent derives from the principle of respect for persons contained in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Belmont Report.
Respect for persons means that individuals should be free to make their own decisions about research participation and that we must provide extra protection for vulnerable populations and persons with diminished capacity while respecting their self-determination. When is it appropriate to use deception? When is it not appropriate? APA Standard 6. How can the negative effects of deception be eliminated?
We can eliminate the negative effects of deception by thorough debriefing as required by APA Standard 6. How has the ethical principle of informed consent been violated? The requirement violates APA standard 6. An experimenter studying the effects of stress gave subjects a series of maze problems to solve.
The subjects were led to believe that the problems were all quite easy. In fact, several had no solution. Some of the subjects were visibly upset by their inability to solve the problems. At the end of the study, the experimenter did not explain the procedures. What ethical principles apply in this case? The experimenter should have warned subjects about the difficulty and potential stress of the maze problems, and should have immediately debriefed them after they completed the study.
What ethical principles have been violated? The student experimenter failed to maintain anonymity subject names were on data sheets and confidentiality the security of the data was violated. How could this situation have been avoided? Furthermore, the experimenter should not have shared experimental data with a friend. What ethical principles apply when we propose and conduct research with animals? Researchers must protect animal welfare whenever they use animal subjects.
These guidelines concern: 1. Chapter 2 4. What is the difference between animal welfare and animal rights? Animal welfare is the humane care and treatment of animals, which is regulated by federal and state statutes and the ethical standards of professional organizations. Animal rights is the idea that all sensate species, especially those that feel pain, are of equal value to humans and should have the same subject rights as humans. To study the effect of a new drug to reduce depression, researchers must sacrifice animal subjects and dissect their brains.
Discuss the ethical pros and cons of this line of research. An institutional animal care and use committee IACUC must first determine that there are no satisfactory alternatives to animal experimentation and that the number of animals used in the study has been minimized. This question implies the broader philosophical question of whether animals should be sacrificed for the sake of human welfare.
Students are likely to endorse divergent positions as they grapple with the issue of animal rights. The con is that the lives of members of a sensate species will be sacrificed. What is fraud? Fraud includes falsifying or fabricating data, and plagiarism. Describe the external pressures that can produce fraud. Competition in academic psychology may be a primary cause of fraud.
Researchers frequently compete for tenure, promotion, departmental resources, and grant funds based on their publication records. Chapter 2 research setbacks. Describe the safeguards that keep it in check. Peer review is the first safeguard since reviewers closely scrutinize submitted manuscripts and are likely to detect suspect findings. Replication is the second safeguard, since fraudulent findings are not likely to be replicated.
Finally, academic competition for scarce resources like grants increases vigilance against fraud by colleagues in a specialty area. What are the possible penalties for scientific misconduct? The penalties for scientific misconduct depend on the offense and who determines guilt and punishment. Penalties imposed by a university could range from a reprimand to firing, while criminal court penalties could be as severe as imprisonment.
Lee had put off doing a lab report until the end of the term. He was badly pressed for time. I took that course last year. You can use my report. Just put your name on it. Is this ethical according to the APA?
Why or why not? Introduction Although scientists bring their own values, ethics, morals, and sense of right and wrong to their work, science is commonly perceived as a. Introduction From a scientific perspective, facts discovered through science are a. Research Ethics Research ethics a. Research Ethics Which of these must be established by institutions engaging in research with human subjects?
Research Ethics Samantha has developed an original research proposal.
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